The Welpr Rating is determined by a scoring formula. The formula takes into account the products safety, user satisfaction, and eco-ethical standing. Click here to learn more.
Best Non-Toxic Sunscreen in 2025
Updated:
Aug 28, 2025
Written by Camille May
Cofounder & Product Curator
+ 1 more
Medically reviewed by Olushola Awoyemi
PhD Environmental Toxicology
As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Our use of affiliate links does not influence how we rate products. Learn more about our affiliate policy here.
What we look for:
- Mineral UV filters like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide
- Free from hormone disruptors like oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate
- No parabens, PEGs, phthalates, artificial dyes, or formaldehyde-releasing ingredients
- Fragrance-free or naturally scented (never synthetic “fragrance” or parfum)
- Full ingredient transparency from brands we trust
Find Non-Toxic Sunscreen
No items found.
Mineral Sunscreen Cream (SPF 30) - Badger
Welpr Rating
5
/5
Certifications
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User Satisfaction
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Est. Price
$15.99
Video Review
Product Details
- Provides safe and effective sun protection using natural zinc oxide.
- Contains 98% organic ingredients to nourish and protect your skin.
- Free from synthetic chemicals, ensuring a healthier choice for sensitive skin.
- Water resistant for 40 minutes, ideal for outdoor activities.
- Reef-friendly formula, safe for coral reefs and aquatic life.
- Made with solar power and sustainable packaging, supporting eco-friendly practices.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Excellent natural, non-toxic ingredients, providing peace of mind.
- No white residue, quick absorption, and a slight sheen without stickiness.
- Effective protection, works well for outdoor activities like hiking and swimming.
- Moisturizing and gentle on sensitive skin, no irritation.
- Reef-friendly and environmentally safe.
Cons
- Some users find it thick, greasy, and a bit hard to spread.
- The tube may be smaller than expected for those wanting to use it on the body.
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Uncoated Zinc Oxide 18.75%, Inactive Ingredients: Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Cera Alba (Beeswax), Tocopherol (Sunflower Vitamin E), Hippophae Rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) Fruit Extract
Sensitive Mineral Sunscreen Lotion (SPF 50) - Babo Botanicals
Welpr Rating
4.95
/5
Certifications
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User Satisfaction
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Est. Price
$19.00
Video Review
Product Details
- Contains natural zinc oxide to ensure gentle sun protection.
- Fragrance-free formula suitable for sensitive skin types.
- Water-resistant properties provide prolonged protection during water activities.
- Vegan formulation supports a cruelty-free lifestyle.
- EWG verified for safe and non-toxic ingredients.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Clean, non-toxic ingredients suitable for sensitive and eczema-prone skin.
- Effective broad-spectrum protection with non-nano zinc oxide.
- Lightweight and non-greasy, leaving skin feeling natural and smooth.
- Reef-safe and environmentally friendly.
- Versatile for various outdoor activities, from beach trips to errands.
Cons
- Some users note a white cast, particularly on darker skin tones.
- A few users experienced issues with tube integrity upon delivery.
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 20%; Inactive Ingredients: Aqua/Water/Eau, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate, Cetearyl Glucoside, Ethylhexylglycerin, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Flour, Glycerin, C10-18 Triglycerides, Behenyl Alcohol, Sodium Chloride, Xanthan Gum, Caprylyl Glycol, Sodium Gluconate
Clean Freak Unscented Sunscreen (SPF 30) - Solara
Welpr Rating
4.85
/5
Certifications
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User Satisfaction
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Est. Price
$54.35
Product Details
- Water resistant formula ideal for active wearers, providing protection for up to 40 minutes.
- Infused with 10 active botanicals to nourish, protect, and heal the skin at the cellular level.
- Richly moisturizing with ingredients clinically proven to heal and moisturize up to two hours after exposure.
- Suitable for the entire family, offering full spectrum defense against the sun, HEV/blue light, and pollution.
- Fragrance-free formulation makes it perfect for sensitive skin types.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Rated well by the Environmental Working Group, assuring a safer choice for health-conscious users.
- Can enhance skin appearance by slightly concealing blemishes when used as a face sunscreen.
- No risky chemicals, making it suitable for those looking to avoid toxins.
Cons
- Some users reported the product arriving separated and difficult to reconstitute, affecting usability.
- May leave a temporary white cast on darker skin tones until fully absorbed.
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredient: Non-Nano Non-Coated Zinc Oxide 20%, Inactive Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Glycerin, C13-14 Alkane, Polyglyceryl-4 Diisostearate/Polyhydroxystearate/Sebacate, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Coco-Caprylate, Propanediol, Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulfate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax, Squalane, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Tocopherol, Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) Root Extract, Perilla Frutescens (Mint) Leaf Extract, Punica Granatum Flower Extract, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract, Gardenia Taitensis (Tahitian Gardenia) Flower Extract, Rubus Idaeus Leaf Extract, Potassium Sorbate, Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract, Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Caprylyl Glycol, Phenylpropanol, Sorbitan Olivate, Isostearic Acid, Lecithin, Fructose
Mineral Sunscreen for Sensitive Skin (SPF 30) - Attitude
Welpr Rating
4.8
/5
Certifications
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User Satisfaction
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Est. Price
$23.99
Product Details
- Contains non-nano zinc oxide, a mineral filter that forms a reflective barrier to protect skin.
- Provides broad spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays.
- Formulated for delicate skin and enriched with oat extract to revitalize dry skin.
- EWG Verified: clean ingredients and full transparency.
- Vegan and cruelty-free formula.
- Dermatologically tested for safe use on sensitive skin.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Non-greasy and absorbs well, avoiding a heavy feel on the skin.
- Recognized safely by EWG and lacks harmful chemicals, ideal for health-conscious users.
- Suitable for sensitive skin, minimizing irritation and breakouts.
- Provides good protection under normal conditions with proper reapplication.
Cons
- Some users find it difficult to spread and blend, leading to a noticeable white cast.
- A few users report that it feels sticky and thick, potentially uncomfortable for daily use.
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 20%; Inactive Ingredients: Aqua/Water/Eau, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate, Cetearyl Glucoside, Ethylhexylglycerin, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Flour, Glycerin, C10-18 Triglycerides, Behenyl Alcohol, Sodium Chloride, Xanthan Gum, Caprylyl Glycol, Sodium Gluconate
Uber-Sensitive Mineral Sunscreen Lotion (SPF 40) - Earth Mama
Welpr Rating
4.8
/5
Certifications
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User Satisfaction
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Est. Price
$34.19
Product Details
- Awarded the Seal of Acceptance by the National Eczema Association for its safe use on eczema and sensitive skin.
- Contains non-nano zinc and organic colloidal oatmeal, offering soothing and gentle protection.
- Formulated without chemical sunscreens, artificial fragrances, or dimethicone, making it safe for sensitive skin.
- Provides broad-spectrum SPF 40 UVA/UVB protection and is water-resistant for 40 minutes.
- Reef-friendly and tested by pediatricians and dermatologists for irritation.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Contains non-toxic and clean ingredients, making it suitable for sensitive skin.
- Provides effective sun protection for very fair and sensitive skin.
- Great for infants and those avoiding chemicals, using natural SPF properties.
- Trusted brand known for safe products without harmful chemicals.
Cons
- Some users with darker skin tones find it leaves a noticeable white cast.
- It's quite thick, making application time-consuming, especially for those who are not patient.
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 25%, Inactive Ingredients: Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Cocos Nucifera (Fractionated Coconut) Oil, Cera Alba (Beeswax), Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Rubus Idaeus (Red Raspberry) Seed Oil, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Oil, Tocopherol, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Flour, Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice, Calendula Officinalis (Calendula) Flower Extract
Sun Cream (SPF 30) - Primally Pure
Welpr Rating
4.8
/5
Discount Code
Save 10% on purchases on Primally Pure.
WELPR
Certifications
Highlights
Est. Price
$38.00
Product Details
- SPF 30 mineral-based sunscreen for face and body
- Seed oil-free formula with grass-fed tallow, beeswax, and mango butter
- Lightweight, fast-absorbing, and deeply moisturizing
- Broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection with non-nano zinc oxide
- Reef-safe, synthetic fragrance-free, and supports the skin barrier
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Provides effective sun protection without causing sunburn, even during prolonged sun exposure.
- Goes on clear, smooth, and non-greasy for comfortable wear.
- Contains safe, non-toxic ingredients that reduce exposure to harmful chemicals.
- Has a pleasant scent that users love.
- Backed by responsive and helpful customer service.
Ingredients
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide (25%) Inactive Ingredients: Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Organic Tallow, Organic Beeswax, Organic Coconut Oil, Organic Mango Butter, Tocopherol
Sun Balm - Toups & Co
Welpr Rating
4.8
/5
Discount Code
Save 10% on purchases on Toups & Co via our link.
No code needed
Certifications
Highlights
Est. Price
$35.00
Product Details
- Provides broad-spectrum UVA and UVB protection with just five natural ingredients.
- Uses non-nano zinc oxide for safe, effective sun defense that won’t absorb into the skin.
- Water-resistant and moisturizing to keep skin healthy and supple.
- Leaves no greasy residue and won’t cause dryness or irritation.
- Ideal for families, athletes, and anyone seeking clean, reliable sun care.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Clean, minimal ingredients—perfect for sensitive or allergy-prone skin.
- Applies smoothly and absorbs well with little to no white cast when blended.
- Non-greasy, nourishing formula thanks to tallow base; hydrates while it protects.
- Works well under makeup and pairs beautifully with other Toups skincare.
- Subtle, pleasant scent and safe for daily use on face and body.
Ingredients
Ingredients: 100% Grass-Fed Tallow, *Organic Virgin Olive Oil, 20% Non-Nano Zinc-Oxide, Coconut Co2, Vanilla Extract
Sun Stick - Toups & Co
Welpr Rating
4.8
/5
Discount Code
Save 10% on purchases on Toups & Co via our link.
No code needed
Certifications
Highlights
Est. Price
$34.00
Product Details
- Shields skin from sunburn with safe, mineral-based protection.
- Doubles as skincare, nourishing and moisturizing with every use.
- Glides on smoothly for easy, mess-free application anywhere.
- Gentle and non-toxic, making it safe for the entire family.
- Compact and convenient for daily sun protection on the go.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Mess-free, convenient stick format makes application quick and easy—even on kids.
- Safe for the whole family, including babies and sensitive skin types.
- Rubs in well with minimal to no white cast once blended.
- Lightweight and breathable—layers well under or over makeup.
- Made with clean, organic ingredients you can feel good about using daily.
Ingredients
Ingredients: 100% Grass-Fed Tallow, Beeswax, 20% Non-Nano Zinc-Oxide
Mineral Sunscreen (SPF 50) - Pipette
Welpr Rating
4.75
/5
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$15.99
Product Details
- Provides broad spectrum UVA/UVB protection using 100% mineral, non-nano zinc oxide.
- Lightweight, fast-absorbing formula that's ideal for on-the-go toddlers.
- Contains plant extracts and sugarcane-derived squalane for moisturizing benefits.
- Hypoallergenic and free of synthetic fragrances, making it gentle for sensitive skin.
- Cruelty-free and vegan, ensuring ethical product choices.
- Suitable for the entire family, from babies to adults.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Great for sensitive skin with a gentle, clean formula.
- Easy to apply with a non-greasy, lotion-like consistency.
- No strong scent, making it perfect for scent-sensitive users.
- Reef-safe and made with trustworthy, clean ingredients.
- Provides excellent sun protection without irritating the skin.
Cons
- Some users with darker skin tones may notice a white cast.
- May require extra blending for a smooth finish.
- Not ideal for very oily or combination skin types.
Ingredients
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 20%; Inactive Ingredients: Water, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Squalane, Glycerin, Cetearyl Alcohol, Methyl Dihydroabietate, Sorbitan Olivate, Cetyl Palmitate, Coco-Glucoside, Ethyl Ferulate, Caprylyl/Capryl Glucoside, Lecithin, Bisabolol, Physalis Angulata (Wild Gooseberry) Extract, Xanthan Gum, Acacia Senegal Gum, Sodium Gluconate, Isostearic Acid, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, 1,2-Hexanediol, Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate, Hydroxyacetophenone, Caprylyl Glycol
Mineral Sunscreen For Body (SPF 30) - Suntegrity
Welpr Rating
4.7
/5
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$38.00
Product Details
- Provides broad-spectrum SPF 30 protection against UVA and UVB damage.
- Free from parabens, phthalates, mineral oil, and chemical UV absorbers for a non-toxic experience.
- Vegan and cruelty-free formula that's safe for both adults and children.
- Non-greasy application leaves skin smooth and moisturized.
- Contains organic ingredients like aloe vera and green tea extract for added skin benefits.
- Reef-friendly and suitable for beach or everyday use.
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Offers excellent skin protection without toxic ingredients, making it safe for sensitive users.
- Pleasant, natural scent enhances the application experience for fragrance-sensitive users.
- Vegan and cruelty-free formulation appeals to ethically conscious consumers.
- Highly moisturizing properties nourish the skin while offering sun protection.
- Highly rated by the Environmental Working Group for its natural composition.
Cons
- Some users mention a persistent white cast, particularly on darker skin tones, which may require careful application.
- Not water-resistant, so frequent reapplication is necessary, especially in wet environments.
Ingredients
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 20%, Inactive Ingredients: Aloe Barbadensis (Organic Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice, Camellia Sinensis (Organic Green Tea) Leaf Extract, Caprylic Capric Triglycerides (Coconut Oil Extract), Cetyl Dimethicone (Mineral Based), Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Sweet Orange) Essential Oil, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Essential Oil, Citrus Reticulata Blanco (Tangerine) Essential Oil, Cucumis Sativus (Organic Cucumber) Fruit Extract, Ethylhexylglycerin (Plant Derived Preservative), Glyceryl Monostearate (Plant Derived), Helianthus Annuus (Organic Sunflower) Seed Oil, Hexyl Laurate (Plant Derived), Hyaluronic Acid (Plant Derived), Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt), Polyaminopropyl Biguanide (Preservative), Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (Plant Derived), Punica Granatum (Organic Pomegranate) Seed Oil, Simmondsia Chinensis (Organic Jojoba) Seed Oil, Sorbitan Stearate (Plant Derived), Water (Aqua)
Our Product Rating System
First, Camille (co-creator of Welpr) hand picks cleaner product options from a variety of sources.
Next, we collect information about each product's safety, consumer satisfaction, and eco-ethical standing.
Finally, we run all this information through an algorithm that calculates the Welpr Rating.
Welpr Rating:
5.0/5
Part 1: Product safety
We evaluate safety information from 3rd party organizations (e.g. EWG, Made Safe, etc.). Instead of relying solely on any one of these companies for safety information, we assess all of them.
Part 2: Consumer satisfaction
We scour the web for consumer ratings and reviews to verify products are not only cleaner options, but also effective. Products can either be Above Average, Average, or Below average for their respective category (e.g. cleaning products).
Part 3: Ethics & Environment
When you buy a product, you’re supporting that company with your dollars. We believe it’s important to support ethical companies, so we pool together certifications that verify a company's ethics and environmental impact.
Common Harmful Chemicals in Sunscreen
Chemical Name
Why it’s harmful
Benzophenone
Benzophenone (BZP) is a photoinitiator, fragrance enhancer, and ultraviolet stabilizer, used in a variety of industrial applications. Despite not being registered as a pesticide in the U.S., it's involved in the production of insecticides and agricultural chemicals. Its toxic effects on humans are scarcely documented, but it presents little hormonal activity on cell lines. Animal studies show it possesses no estrogenic activity, but it can transform into derivatives with such activity under UV irradiation. It did not show reproductive toxicity or carcinogenicity in rats and mice, respectively, even at high doses. It can be bioactivated through specific enzymes. For aquatic life, fathead minnow larvae were more sensitive to BZP, ranking it in the middle of the toxicity order of six benzene derivatives.
Sources:
Benzophenone & Related Compounds, Chemical Profile: Benzophenone, Toxicological evaluation of benzophenone, Benzophenone – information sheet, Proposition 65 Warnings: Benzophenone, OEHHA: Benzophenone, FDA Removes 7 Synthetic Flavoring Substances from Food Additives List, Benzophenone-3, a chemical UV-filter in cosmetics: is it really safe for children and pregnant women? ,
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole is a component of the food preservative Butylated Hydroxyanisole, used where Butylated hydroxytoluene is restricted. It serves as an oxidation inhibitor for human consumption. Despite lacking human studies, animal tests reveal no mutagenic activity. Its mutagenicity was evaluated using Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line, with chromosomal aberrations induced only in the presence of the S9 mix.
Butylated Hydroxytoluene
BHT, a toluene-based ingredient, serves as a preservative in food and personal care products. Safety assessments have noted toxic effects in lung tissue when BHT was applied to rats' skin but considered the low concentrations in cosmetics safe. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests moderate evidence of BHT being a respiratory irritant in humans.
DEA Oleth-3 Phosphate
DEA Oleth-3 phosphate is employed in skincare as an emulsifying, cleansing, and dispersing agent that facilitates the cohesive mixing of oil and water ingredients in cosmetic products. It is a combination of ethoxylated fatty acid oleic acid and liquid phosphoric acid. However, ethanolamines like diethanolamine (DEA), found in various consumer products including cosmetics and cleaning products, have been associated with liver tumors. To reduce contamination from carcinogenic nitrosamines, the European Commission prohibits the use of DEA in cosmetics.
DEA-Cetyl Phosphate
DEA-Cetyl Phosphate serves as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics and personal care products. However, it can accumulate in the liver and kidneys, leading to organ toxicity and potential neurotoxic effects like tremors. Maternal exposure to DEA may also have lasting impacts on memory function and brain development in offspring. Furthermore, DEA has been linked to male reproductive health issues, causing abnormalities in sperm structure and function.
Homosalate
Homosalate is a commonly used chemical in sunscreens and SPF-containing skincare products, primarily known for its UV-absorbing properties. However, it is a potential endocrine disruptor, particularly affecting the estrogen, androgen, and progesterone hormone systems. Studies in breast cancer cells indicate increased cell growth and multiplication following homosalate exposure. Moreover, homosalate's presence in human breast milk and its estrogenic activity in placental tissues raise concerns about its impact during vulnerable developmental stages. Additionally, homosalate has been shown to enhance the absorption of pesticides when applied to the skin, emphasizing the need for caution in its use.
Lauramide DEA
Lauramide DEA is an ethanolamide mixture of lauric acid commonly used in soaps, cleansers, and shampoos. It is known to cause mild to moderate eye irritation and mild to severe skin irritation. While the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has deemed it safe for use, caution is advised in cosmetics and personal care products that also contain nitrosating agents to prevent the formation of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Linoleamide MEA
Linoleamide MEA is utilized in cosmetics for functions such as foam boosting, antistatic properties, viscosity control, and hair conditioning. It is used in a wide range of consumer products, including cosmetics, personal care items, and household cleaning products. However, it has the potential to irritate the eyes and skin at higher concentrations and may cause short-term exposure-related effects on the central nervous system, nasal irritation, or pulmonary edema.
Myristamide DEA
Methylparaben is a non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in various products, with contact exposure reported to cause dermatitis in some people. The mechanism of this sensitivity is not well understood, but it seems to intensify when applied to broken or damaged skin. Animal studies showed it to be generally non-toxic and non-carcinogenic, with no significant adverse effects noted at high exposure levels. There were contrasting findings on its effect in uterotrophic assays and its toxicity to sperm cells. In ecotoxicity studies, it affected the expression levels of genes in male Medaka fish at certain concentrations
Octinoxate
Octinoxate, commonly found in various cosmetic and personal care products such as hair color products, sunscreen, lipstick, and skin creams, is an endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen and can affect thyroid function. It has been detected in human urine, blood, and breast milk, indicating systemic exposure. Octinoxate's potential health concerns include its impact on cell proliferation in response to estrogen exposure, disruptions in thyroid hormones, alterations in reproductive systems, and adverse effects on the development of male and female fetuses, as well as their offspring.
Oleamide DEA
Oleamide DEA is utilized in shampoos, hair dyes, bath products, and lotions for enhancing foaming capacity, stabilizing foam, and thickening the water-based components. However, there is a concern that in cosmetics, DEA can react with other ingredients to create a carcinogen called nitrosodiethanolamine (NDEA), which can be absorbed through the skin.
Oxybenzone
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3; BP-3) is a compound used as a UV absorber and stabilizer in plastics, paints, and sunscreens. Human studies have found photosensitivity to it, while non-human animal studies have found that high concentrations contribute to changes in liver weight and disruptions to reproductive parameters in mice and rats. It is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and can affect the behavior of certain fish species. Despite this, it did not induce gene mutations in tests with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium.
Padimate O
Padimate O is an active sunscreen agent found in cosmetics and over-the-counter sunscreens, regulated by the FDA at concentrations up to 8%. It is a derivative of the PABA sunscreen ingredient and has been associated with concerns such as releasing free radicals, DNA damage, estrogenic activity, and allergic reactions in some individuals. Padimate O is an active sunscreen agent found in cosmetics and over-the-counter sunscreens, regulated by the FDA at concentrations up to 8%. It is a derivative of the PABA sunscreen ingredient and has been associated with concerns such as releasing free radicals, DNA damage, estrogenic activity, and allergic reactions in some individuals.
Phenoxyethanol
2-Phenoxyethanol is a hazardous substance toxic by all routes of exposure, and is used widely in products like cosmetics, soaps, and inks, among others. The effects of exposure to this faintly aromatic, colorless, oily liquid can include eye irritation, headaches, tremors, and CNS depression. It's crucial to rinse exposed eyes with tepid water for at least 15 minutes and to wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water in case of contact. The substance requires preheating before ignition can occur, and if involved in a fire, gentle water spray can extinguish the fire by inducing frothing.
Polyacrylamide
Acrylamide is a man-made white crystalline solid primarily used in the production of polymers and copolymers. In humans, it is toxic and irritates the skin and mucous membranes, and can affect the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems leading to symptoms like memory difficulties, confusion, slurred speech, and excessive sweating. It may cause peripheral neuropathy, resulting in loss of sensation and muscle wasting. Recovery after exposure can take months to years. Animal studies indicate acrylamide accumulates in the nervous system, liver, kidney, and male reproductive system, causing degenerative changes. It might disrupt metabolism, induce oxidative stress, cause chromosomal aberrations, and tumor initiation. There is no evidence of teratogenic effects in humans or causing cancer. It has also shown genotoxic effects in some aquatic species like C. Auratus and mussels.
Stearamide MEA
Stearamide Monoethanolamine (MEA) is an ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products like deodorants, shampoos, makeup, and bath items. Its role is to thicken the water-based part of these products and enhance their foaming properties and foam stability. MEA was found to be non-irritating to the skin at a 17% concentration, but it caused slight to moderate irritation to the eyes of rabbits.
Styrene
Styrene is a colorless to yellowish, oily liquid used mainly in plastic, synthetic rubber, and resin production but also as a flavoring agent. Acute human exposure can cause irritation, drowsiness, and vertigo, with skin blistering and dermatitis resulting from long-term contact. It has been linked to increased rates of certain types of cancer, liver effects, and problems with the reproductive system. Animal studies have similarly shown irritation, central nervous system effects, and links to cancers. Styrene's endocrine disruptor activity appears negligible in humans and other vertebrates, but there is evidence of impact in certain aquatic species.
Titanium Dioxide
The study on 1,576 U.S. workers exposed to TiO2 for over a year from 1956 to 1985 showed no increase in lung cancer or chronic respiratory disease, and no cases of pulmonary fibrosis. Cases of pulmonary fibrosis related to TiO2 exposure have been reported, possibly due to silica contamination. There are no listed effects for short-term or long-term exposure. Although NIOSH recognises ultrafine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen, data is insufficient to classify fine TiO2 similarly. Epidemiological studies do not provide clear evidence of lung cancer risks from TiO2 dust exposure.
Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate
An eye irritant; May cause corneal damage on prolonged contact; [CAMEO] A skin and eye irritant, based on animal studies; [IUCLID] An irritant; May cause serious eye injury; [MSDSonline] See Triethanolamine.
Diethanolamine
Diethanolamine is a chemical found in various consumer products like shampoos, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Acute exposure in humans can result in irritation of the nose, throat, and skin. However, no detailed data is available on its chronic, reproductive, developmental or carcinogenic effects on humans. Studies on animals reveal that acute oral exposure can influence the liver, blood, kidney, and central nervous system, while dermal exposure has been connected with an increased incidence of liver and kidney tumors in mice. Production of first-degree burns, skin irritation, occupational asthma, kidney, and liver injury risk, and potential skin sensitization are some other adverse effects associated with diethanolamine.
Sources:
Chemical Safety Facts: Ethanolamines, NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Diethanolamine, California Environmental Protection Agency: Diethanolamine , International Agency for Research on Cancer: Diethanolamine, Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications, What is the Toxics Release Inventory?, OPINION CONCERNING DIALKYL- AND DIALKANOLAMINES AND THEIR SALTS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS, Ethanolamine Compounds (MEA, DEA, TEA And Others), WHAT ARE ETHANOLAMINE COMPOUNDS (DEA, MEA, OR TEA): CHEMICAL FREE LIVING, The Dirty Dozen: DEA-related ingredients, FDA: Diethanolamine, Chemical Profile: Diethanolamine ,
Methylchloroisothiazolinone
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI) is a compound frequently used as a preservative in cosmetics, hygiene products, and other industrial applications such as hydraulic fracturing fluids. It can also be deployed as a pesticide in the U.S, pending regulatory approval. CMI, which is often used in combination with 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MI), can cause contact dermatitis in humans. Various animal studies have shown that a high exposure to a CMIT/MIT mixture can cause alterations in rats' liver function. The production and use of CMI in a range of products mean it can be release into the environment, with some susceptibility to degradation through photolysis in sunlight. Its mobility in soil is high but volatilization from soil or water surfaces is not expected to be significant. Occupational and general exposure to CMI can occur especially through inhalation and dermal contact with CMI-containing products.
Sources:
Antimicrobial agents, triclosan, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone and borax, used in cleaning had genotoxic and histopathologic effects on rainbow trout, Methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria, Methylchloroisothiazolinone and/or methylisothiazolinone in cosmetic products, Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles, Methylisothiazolinone and isothiazolinone allergy, Analysis of isothiazolinones in environmental waters by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Methylisothiazolinone induces apoptotic cell death via matrix metalloproteinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells, EU REGULATIONS , Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review, Effects of methylisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone on development and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae, Two Cases of Chloromethylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone-associated Toxic Lung Injury, An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products, Effects of a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone on peripheral airway dysfunction in children, Isothiazolinone preservative: cause of a continuing epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Methylisothiazolinone
Methylisothiazolinone can reportedly cause allergic contact dermatitis in workers who interact with products containing it. This substance is recognized as a contact allergen for consumers using cosmetics that include it. It can cause skin burns and sensitization, and inhaling it may lead to corrosive injuries in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Ingesting this substance is harmful, and inhalation is toxic. This preservative is linked to the category of isothiazolinones.
Sources:
Antimicrobial agents, triclosan, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone and borax, used in cleaning had genotoxic and histopathologic effects on rainbow trout, Methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria, Methylchloroisothiazolinone and/or methylisothiazolinone in cosmetic products, Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles, Methylisothiazolinone and isothiazolinone allergy, Analysis of isothiazolinones in environmental waters by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Methylisothiazolinone induces apoptotic cell death via matrix metalloproteinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells, EU REGULATIONS , Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review, Effects of methylisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone on development and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae, Two Cases of Chloromethylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone-associated Toxic Lung Injury, An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products, Effects of a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone on peripheral airway dysfunction in children, Isothiazolinone preservative: cause of a continuing epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Triethanolamine
Triethanolamine appears to cause occupational asthma and allergic contact dermatitis in machinists and photographers, as well as liver and kidney damage in animals with high-dose feeding. It's noted to be an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, with potential to cause skin sensitization, though the rate of skin sensitization in humans is low. Triethanolamine has low acute toxicity, with median oral LD50 values of 4,190-11,260 mg/kg in rats and 5,300-8,000 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and a median dermal LD50 greater than 2,000 mg/kg in rabbits. Triethanolamine is not carcinogenic, developmental toxicant, or toxic to the reproductive system. However, chronic exposure may lead to liver and kidney damage.
Sources:
Safety assessment of triethanolamine and triethanolamine-containing ingredients as used in cosmetics, Toxicology of mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Ethanolamine Compounds (MEA, DEA, TEA And Others), The Dirty Dozen: DEA-related ingredients, Chemical Profile, Special Chem, Safety assessment of triethanolamine and triethanolamine-containing ingredients as used in cosmetics
Authors
Camille May, Product Curator
Olushola M. Awoyemi, Medical Reviewer
